History of Aerospace
HISTORY OF AVIATION
- Early Flight to World War I
• Early Uses of Lighter-than-Air Flying
Machines
• Heavier-than-Air Flying Machines
– The US Army’s Reaction to the Wright brother’s Invention
–The Army’s Requirements for the First Military Aircraft
• Early Uses of Airpower
Early Years of Flight
Introduction
• Man first flew aloft in a balloon in 1783
• Airpower did not have an immediate impact
• Flying machines were not readily accepted by land oriented officers
• Air power’s first major impact was not until World War I
Balloons
• Mongolia Brothers flew first hot-air balloon in 1783
• Ben Franklin saw the first balloon flight and immediately saw the military potential
• First used for military purposes by the French in 1794 at Maubeuge
• Union and Confederate forces employed balloons during the American Civil War
• Adolphus V. Greely, the grandfather of military aviation in the US, revived interest in the military capability of
balloons in 1891
e.g 1892 -- Greely balloon used to direct artillery fire during the Battle of San Juan Hill
• Interest in balloons dropped quickly with the development of heavier-than-air vehicles
Dirigibles
• Steerable balloons -- often called “Airships”
• 1884 -- first successful flight in a dirigible
• Ferdinand Von Zeppelin -- person most readily identified with dirigibles
e.g
1).Zeppelins flew in 1900
2).Germans used to bomb England in WW I
3).Germans used to fly observation cover for their surface fleet in WW I
• Vulnerable to winds and ground fire
Uses of Balloons and Dirigibles
1)Reconnaissance
2)Artillery spotting
3)Bombing (extremely limited prior to WW I)
4)Morale Booster/Mail/Escape Means
5)Air transport of supplies
Early Pioneers of Flight
• Otto Lilienthal -- studied gliders and first to explain the superiority of curved surfaces
• Percy Pilcher -- built airplane chassis
• Octave Chanute -- Developed a double-winged glider/ wrote history of flight to1900
• Samuel P. Langley -- First to secure government support to develop an airplane
-Failed twice to fly from a houseboat in 1903
-Congress withdrew monetary support
Orville and Wilbur Wright
• First to fly a heavier-than-air, power-driven machine -- 17 December 1903
-Flight traveled 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds
• Approached flying scientifically and systematically
• Used experience of Lilienthal, Pilcher, and Chanute
• Built a glider in Dayton in 1899
-Moved to Kitty Hawk, N. Carolina in 1900
Reactions to the Wright’s Inventions
• US government was very skeptical at first
--Not interested because of the Langley’s failures
• Britain and France were very enthusiastic
• President Roosevelt directed the Secretary of War, W. H. Taft, to investigate the Wright Brothers’ invention is 1906
• Dec.1907 -- Chief Signal Officer, BG James Allen, issued Specification # 486 calling for bids to build the first military aircraft
Signal Corps Specification # 486
• Established the requirements for the first military aircraft.
Aircraft must be able to:
-Carry 2 persons
-Reach a speed of 40 mph
-Carry sufficient fuel for 125 miles nonstop flight
-Be controllable in flight in any direction
-Fly at least one hour
-Land at the take-off point, without damage
-Be taken apart and reassembled in one hour
-No Military Operational Requirements Specified
• 41 proposals were received, only 3 complied with specifications
• US Army signed a contract with Wright Brothers on 10 Feb 1908
• Wright Brothers delivered the first military aircraft on 20 Aug 1908
• US Army accepted the first operational aircraft on 2 Aug 1909
The Early Years of Flight Closing Remarks
• Until WW I balloons, dirigibles and aircraft were primarily reconnaissance vehicles
• Early on, the flying machines were not seen as weapons of war
• Few believed the flying service was ready to be a separate air force
• The potential uses of the airplane would evolve considerably during WW I
History of Flight
Aviation through the Ages 1000B.C to 1250A.D
• Man's observations of the earth around him aroused his curiosity and often inspired him to attempt the impossible. How did man's lack of knowledge of the physical laws of nature sometimes bring him tragedy?
• Kites flown around the year 400 B.C. in China were ancestors of modern aviation and the airplane.In the year 1020 A.D. Oliver of Malmesbury put on a pair of wings and leaped from the top of an abbey. He landed very hard and broke his legs. Luckily he survived the crash. Many others attempted to fly with "wings" but all failed, sometimes fatally.
Aviation through the Ages 1250 to 1750
• I was one of the first to experiment with the science of flying. Unfortunately, my writings and sketches weren't discovered until three hundred years after my death.
• Leonardo da Vinci spent most of his life exploring flight and left the world about 160 documents of sketches and observations about the flight. He made important discoveries about the center of gravity, the center of pressure, and streamlining. But like so many people of his time he was obsessed with learning to fly like a bird. What is the difference between simply gliding and really flying like a bird?
Aviation through the Ages 1750 to 1850
• What forces cause smoke to rise in a fireplace? This was what sparked Montgolfier's curiosity.
• Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier designed the first successful flying craft. Their observations led them to
believe that burning created a gas, which they called "Montgolfier's gas," causing a craft to rise.
They constructed a balloon made of cloth and paper. The first aviators were a duck, rooster, and a sheep. Then in 1783, a crowd in Paris watched as a Montgolfier balloon carried two French men. The way the balloons worked is hot air and gases filled the balloon causing it to lift. Once it was in the air it simply went wherever the wind took it. To counter this problem Henri Giffard designed a round oval shaped balloon called a blimp and combined it with a steam engine to make it steerable. When gasoline engines were invented they became a major source of transportation across the Atlantic Ocean. The Hindenburg zeppelin disaster in 1937 caused the end of these large airships.
Aviation through the Ages 1850 to 1900
• Sir George Cayley set in motion the future study of aerodynamics in a single sentence. "The whole problem is confined within these limits, namely to make a surface support a given weight by the application of power to the resistance of air."
• Sir George Cayley experimented with gliders at his home in Yorkshire. He was the first to discover how wings work. Cayley discovered that wings are lifted on the air. He also constructed the first aircraft that was heavier than air. He is now recognized as the father of aviation. He came up with many principles of heavier-than-air flight.
Aviation through the Ages 1850 to 1900
• In 1896, the German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, tested several monoplane and biplane gliders. He built and flew the first glider capable of carrying a person, but died when he crashed in a sudden gust of wind before he could finish his powered plane.
• The structure of an airplane as we know it today was in its formative years. What are the parts of a plane and how does each function?
Thank you for your support, Stay tuned
- Early Flight to World War I
• Early Uses of Lighter-than-Air Flying
Machines
• Heavier-than-Air Flying Machines
– The US Army’s Reaction to the Wright brother’s Invention
–The Army’s Requirements for the First Military Aircraft
• Early Uses of Airpower
Early Years of Flight
Introduction
• Man first flew aloft in a balloon in 1783
• Airpower did not have an immediate impact
• Flying machines were not readily accepted by land oriented officers
• Air power’s first major impact was not until World War I
Balloons
• Mongolia Brothers flew first hot-air balloon in 1783
• Ben Franklin saw the first balloon flight and immediately saw the military potential
• First used for military purposes by the French in 1794 at Maubeuge
• Union and Confederate forces employed balloons during the American Civil War
• Adolphus V. Greely, the grandfather of military aviation in the US, revived interest in the military capability of
balloons in 1891
e.g 1892 -- Greely balloon used to direct artillery fire during the Battle of San Juan Hill
• Interest in balloons dropped quickly with the development of heavier-than-air vehicles
Dirigibles
• Steerable balloons -- often called “Airships”
• 1884 -- first successful flight in a dirigible
• Ferdinand Von Zeppelin -- person most readily identified with dirigibles
e.g
1).Zeppelins flew in 1900
2).Germans used to bomb England in WW I
3).Germans used to fly observation cover for their surface fleet in WW I
• Vulnerable to winds and ground fire
Uses of Balloons and Dirigibles
1)Reconnaissance
2)Artillery spotting
3)Bombing (extremely limited prior to WW I)
4)Morale Booster/Mail/Escape Means
5)Air transport of supplies
Early Pioneers of Flight
• Otto Lilienthal -- studied gliders and first to explain the superiority of curved surfaces
• Percy Pilcher -- built airplane chassis
• Octave Chanute -- Developed a double-winged glider/ wrote history of flight to1900
• Samuel P. Langley -- First to secure government support to develop an airplane
-Failed twice to fly from a houseboat in 1903
-Congress withdrew monetary support
Orville and Wilbur Wright
• First to fly a heavier-than-air, power-driven machine -- 17 December 1903
-Flight traveled 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds
• Approached flying scientifically and systematically
• Used experience of Lilienthal, Pilcher, and Chanute
• Built a glider in Dayton in 1899
-Moved to Kitty Hawk, N. Carolina in 1900
Reactions to the Wright’s Inventions
• US government was very skeptical at first
--Not interested because of the Langley’s failures
• Britain and France were very enthusiastic
• President Roosevelt directed the Secretary of War, W. H. Taft, to investigate the Wright Brothers’ invention is 1906
• Dec.1907 -- Chief Signal Officer, BG James Allen, issued Specification # 486 calling for bids to build the first military aircraft
Signal Corps Specification # 486
• Established the requirements for the first military aircraft.
Aircraft must be able to:
-Carry 2 persons
-Reach a speed of 40 mph
-Carry sufficient fuel for 125 miles nonstop flight
-Be controllable in flight in any direction
-Fly at least one hour
-Land at the take-off point, without damage
-Be taken apart and reassembled in one hour
-No Military Operational Requirements Specified
• 41 proposals were received, only 3 complied with specifications
• US Army signed a contract with Wright Brothers on 10 Feb 1908
• Wright Brothers delivered the first military aircraft on 20 Aug 1908
• US Army accepted the first operational aircraft on 2 Aug 1909
The Early Years of Flight Closing Remarks
• Until WW I balloons, dirigibles and aircraft were primarily reconnaissance vehicles
• Early on, the flying machines were not seen as weapons of war
• Few believed the flying service was ready to be a separate air force
• The potential uses of the airplane would evolve considerably during WW I
History of Flight
Aviation through the Ages 1000B.C to 1250A.D
• Man's observations of the earth around him aroused his curiosity and often inspired him to attempt the impossible. How did man's lack of knowledge of the physical laws of nature sometimes bring him tragedy?
• The Greek myth of Daedalus and his son Icarus was written around 1000 B.C. The myth states that after Daedalus built the labyrinth the king of Crete threw him in it to test it. He and his son Icarus escaped by building wings of wax and flying away. However, Icarus flew too high and the wax in his wings began to melt. His wings collapsed and he plunged to his death in the sea.
• Kites flown around the year 400 B.C. in China were ancestors of modern aviation and the airplane.In the year 1020 A.D. Oliver of Malmesbury put on a pair of wings and leaped from the top of an abbey. He landed very hard and broke his legs. Luckily he survived the crash. Many others attempted to fly with "wings" but all failed, sometimes fatally.
Aviation through the Ages 1250 to 1750
• I was one of the first to experiment with the science of flying. Unfortunately, my writings and sketches weren't discovered until three hundred years after my death.
• Leonardo da Vinci spent most of his life exploring flight and left the world about 160 documents of sketches and observations about the flight. He made important discoveries about the center of gravity, the center of pressure, and streamlining. But like so many people of his time he was obsessed with learning to fly like a bird. What is the difference between simply gliding and really flying like a bird?
Aviation through the Ages 1750 to 1850
• What forces cause smoke to rise in a fireplace? This was what sparked Montgolfier's curiosity.
• Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier designed the first successful flying craft. Their observations led them to
believe that burning created a gas, which they called "Montgolfier's gas," causing a craft to rise.
They constructed a balloon made of cloth and paper. The first aviators were a duck, rooster, and a sheep. Then in 1783, a crowd in Paris watched as a Montgolfier balloon carried two French men. The way the balloons worked is hot air and gases filled the balloon causing it to lift. Once it was in the air it simply went wherever the wind took it. To counter this problem Henri Giffard designed a round oval shaped balloon called a blimp and combined it with a steam engine to make it steerable. When gasoline engines were invented they became a major source of transportation across the Atlantic Ocean. The Hindenburg zeppelin disaster in 1937 caused the end of these large airships.
Aviation through the Ages 1850 to 1900
• Sir George Cayley set in motion the future study of aerodynamics in a single sentence. "The whole problem is confined within these limits, namely to make a surface support a given weight by the application of power to the resistance of air."
• Sir George Cayley experimented with gliders at his home in Yorkshire. He was the first to discover how wings work. Cayley discovered that wings are lifted on the air. He also constructed the first aircraft that was heavier than air. He is now recognized as the father of aviation. He came up with many principles of heavier-than-air flight.
Aviation through the Ages 1850 to 1900
• In 1896, the German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, tested several monoplane and biplane gliders. He built and flew the first glider capable of carrying a person, but died when he crashed in a sudden gust of wind before he could finish his powered plane.
• The structure of an airplane as we know it today was in its formative years. What are the parts of a plane and how does each function?
Thank you for your support, Stay tuned
Anudeep Gupta Grandhe, Propulsion Engineer,
Co-Founder, Kalam Rocket Modelling Club
Comments
Post a Comment